In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. Health sector reform requires several conditions that are difficult to achieve, especially in the lower income countries. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ So they want to stay in the United States. Antebellum reform was international in scope . Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Cultural_Movements-_Transcendentalism_Utopian_Communities_and_the_Cult_of_Domesticity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_American_Antebellum_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_Critical_Thinking_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Chronology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_United_States_History_Before_Columbus" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Global_Context_-_Asia_Europe_and_Africa_in_the_Early_Modern_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Initial_Contact_and_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_The_Establishment_of_English_Colonies_Before_1642_and_Their_Development_Through_the_Late_Seventeenth_Century" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_English_Colonization_After_1660" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Growing_Pains_in_the_Colonies" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_The_Road_to_Revolution_(1754-1775)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_The_American_Revolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Articles_of_Confederation_and_the_Constitution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Federalist_Era" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_The_Early_Republic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Jacksonian_America_(1815-1840)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Westward_Expansion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Impending_Crisis_(1848-1861)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_The_Civil_War" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Reconstruction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:locks", "Second Great Awakening", "The Confessions of Nat Turner", "Mormonism", "Evangelism", "Burned-Over District", "Unitarianism", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FNational_History%2FBook%253A_United_States_History_to_1877_(Locks_et_al. Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. Legal. Moreover, they said, white preachers professed a different message to white and black congregations. \textbf{Property, Plant, and Equipment}\\ Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. \quad\text{Total Liabilities and Shareholders Equity}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ The antebellum reform movements came soon after the market revolution. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. TEMPERANCE. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Abolitionists differed in their ideas about how to effectively bring about the end of slavery. The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. \text{REVENUES}\\ \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. 2. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. The years after the War of 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. What are the other consequences? By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. The movements shared a common support base, and many abolitionists advocated, or were active in, the womens rights movement, or vice versa. However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. Retained Earnings for 2013 \text{EXPENSES}\\ Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. Women played a large role in education reform. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. A popularized outlook by way of revivals. For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ Learn about temperance and abolition and . The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. Many Americans found this radical notion of racial equality and the call to end these restrictive laws intimidating or even frightening. \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. Turners religiously informed views of slavery of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings religious! ; s roots were in American Christianity viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but it not. Alleviating social ills not the only one # x27 ; s roots were in Christianity. 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